#Fuel for pages trial
#Fuel for pages license

9-11 The speed of development and the elaborate developmental programming during these stages confer high susceptibility to disruption by toxic chemicals and other stressors.

The fetus, infant, and child are uniquely vulnerable to climate-related environmental impacts and air pollution owing to a host of biologic and behavioral factors. PTSD denotes post-traumatic stress disorder. 12 Shown are examples of potential exposure pathways, susceptibilities, and potential health outcomes linking climate change with childrenвЂ™s health. Susceptibilities in Fetuses, Infants, and Children Associated with Climate Change and Exposures.ДЄdapted from Haines and Ebi. 8 Vulnerabilities of Children to Effects of Climate ChangeДЇigure 2. 7 Fortunately, solutions are now available to substantially reduce, and in some cases eliminate, these emissions. One billion children worldwide are exposed to very high levels of air pollution. The combustion of fossil fuels has created a parallel crisis of air pollution, because the burning of these fuels releases massive amounts of airborne fine respirable particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 Ојm or less (PM 2.5), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), mercury, and volatile chemicals that form ground-level ozone. 4,5 Citing the devastating effects on health, 200 health journals, including the Journal, recently called on world leaders to take emergency action on climate change. 3 Although an increase of more than 1.5вЊ appears to be locked in within the next two decades, we can change the trajectory after that by taking immediate action. 4 We are on track to reach this threshold within the next two decades and, with current climate policies, to have an increase in temperature of 2.5 to 2.9вЊ above preindustrial levels by the end of the century. 4 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has concluded that urgent action is required in order to limit global warming to 1.5вЊ (2.7вЏ) above preindustrial levels and to minimize the most catastrophic consequences. Largely as a result of fossil-fuel emissions, the average surface temperature of the earth has increased by approximately 1.1вЊ (2вЏ) since preindustrial times. 2 Figure 1 shows the need for deep reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions and the sharp increase in fossil-fuelвЂ“based energy consumption in the United States. 1 Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels have risen sharply in the past 70 years, reaching 35 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted in 2020, as compared with just 5 billion metric tons in 1950. Worldwide, in recent years, billions of tons of carbon dioxide and more than 120 million metric tons of methane, the two key greenhouse gases, have been emitted annually into the atmosphere from the production and burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Since 2020, petroleum use has increased (data not shown). Panel B shows energy consumption of both fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) and nonвЂ“fossil fuels (wood, nuclear energy, wind, biofuels, hydroelectricity, and other renewable sources) in the United States throughout its history (from 1776 to 2020). 3 Adapted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( ). The bracket indicates a predicted trajectory of temperature increase (2.5 to 2.9вЊ) by 2100 on the basis of current policies and action to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Global-warming thresholds of 1.5вЊ and 2.0вЊ will be exceeded unless deep reduction in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse-gas emissions occurs in the coming decades. Panel A shows the trends in carbon dioxide emissions since 1950. The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world.ДЇigure 1.

#Fuel for pages license

Information and tools for librarians about site license offerings.

Valuable tools for building a rewarding career in health care. The authorized source of trusted medical research and education for the Chinese-language medical community. The most advanced way to teach, practice, and assess clinical reasoning skills. Information, resources, and support needed to approach rotations - and life as a resident.

The most effective and engaging way for clinicians to learn, improve their practice, and prepare for board exams. NEW! Peer-reviewed journal featuring in-depth articles to accelerate the transformation of health care delivery.Д¬oncise summaries and expert physician commentary that busy clinicians need to enhance patient care.

#Fuel for pages trial

NEW! A digital journal for innovative original research and fresh, bold ideas in clinical trial design and clinical decision-making.